Apple Inc Market Entry Audit The Entry of Apple Inc into a New Market with an Existing Product or Service

Apple Inc Market Entry Audit The Entry of Apple Inc into a New Market with an Existing Product or Service Executive summary Apple Inc. is a publicly listed American company specializing in the production of high technological electronic products, computer hardware, and software (Apple Inc, 2010). The company products include personal computers, media devices, mobile communication, and portable-digital music players. However, during its international market operations, Apple faces various challenges and opportunities.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Apple Inc Market Entry Audit: The Entry of Apple Inc into a New Market with an Existing Product or Service specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The company is nonetheless committed towards bringing the best user experience to all clients around the world through its innovative hardware and software. The peripherals and services have driven the company to open up its operations in the major emerging markets. Thus, this report analyses Apple Inc market entry using frameworks such as Porters five forces, PESTEL, and SWOT. It concludes recommendation on what Apple should do to remain competitive. Apple Inc Market Entry Strategy.  Company overview Apple Inc. is a publicly listed American multinational company specializing in the production of high technological electronic products, computer hardware, and software (Apple Inc. 2010). Under the electronic hardware category, the company products include personal computers, media devices, mobile communication, and portable-digital music players. In addition to high tech hardware devises, the company produces a variety of software applications including third-party digital content applications and networking solutions. Within the mobile communications category, the company has launched into the market a variety of Smartphones including iPhone and other android Smartphones that have significantly hit the world Smartphones market. The company is currently the market leader in the android smart phones and computer techn ology market. The company operations are based on geographical locations. In fact, the operations of the company are segmented based on the nature and location of its customers. The research report analyzes the external and internal environment where Apple Inc operates using various frameworks. Main Findings Current Market Situation: External marketing environment.  PESTEL analysis Political factors Apple Inc. is a multinational company operating in many countries especially in North America, Europe and Asia. Thus, its products are sold in a wide spectrum of political environments. Moreover, its Smartphones consumers are spread across the political divide found in all parts of the world.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Therefore, political consideration is very important factor especially when introducing a particular product in the foreign country market. Thus t he company marketing strategies must be in line with the country policy in which its products are sold (Herzog, 2010). Economic factors The current economic situation around the world has a profound effect not only on the company products but also on the general production capacity. The recent economic downturn experienced in America and Europe has a considerable consequence on the Smartphones domestic market. Sales for the Smartphones reduced as majority of consumers switched to other essential products as their income reduced. Reduction in sales was also experienced in many parts of Europe as well as in many countries around the world. However, this presented an opportunity for the company to introduce cheaper Smartphones in the market (Wernerfelt 172). Social and cultural factors The company Smartphones is sold in an open cultural environment. Moreover, its target market of younger generation pursue vogue and like cultures. Their lifestyles are similar in almost all parts of the world. Moreover, the company Smartphone’s process designs are simplified to meet the needs of all cultures. The company Smartphone’s designs combine simplicity and beauty, the logic that is praised highly in all parts of the world. All the Smartphones that the company has launched into the market has been popular among the younger generation, which has revolutionized the generation cultures (Blomstermo, Sharma Sallis, 2006). However, the company Smartphones designs focuses on the needs and wants of the target market. That is, younger generation needs gargets that are simple and with wide applicability. Apple android Smartphones have achieved that objective. The apple android Smartphone that has been currently released into the market has sophisticated attractive style, which is available, and have gone beyond the fashion (Dziri, 2011). Technological factors The company is operating in a technological and changing environment. Electronic technology has found wide appli cation in many industries and quickly improving. In fact, technology has formed the core of electronic and fiber information industry (Wernerfelt 168). Apple Inc. is one of the leading companies in the electronic information technology industry.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Apple Inc Market Entry Audit: The Entry of Apple Inc into a New Market with an Existing Product or Service specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The highly volatile and ever changing technology has made it difficult for the company to hold the leading position in the IT industry. However, with the advent of the android technology in Smartphones, the company made a great stride in capturing the larger market share (Herzog, 2010). Nevertheless, the company improvements on the current technology and innovative culture will enable it maintain its market share on the Smartphones market (Gormley, 2010). Legal environment As indicated before, the company is operating in many countries around the world with various legal regulations. Moreover, these countries have their own domestic companies that produce similar products. Commercial regulations are varied ranging from preferential regulations to patent and rights laws (Henry, 2008). The company is facing many challenges and legal tussles with many competing companies relating to patent and copyright laws and regulations. This has increased the risks for the company. Besides, most of the products take long time before being introduced in the market because of legalities relating to patent and copyright (Shen Lin, 2011). Internal marketing environment Rivalry between competitors While an industry characterized by few large manufacturers and very expensive products hunts a niche audience, the evolution of personal computers has caused an explosion in the industry, which currently includes dozens of companies pursuing millions of consumers across the globe. Due to the use of electronic equipments in day-to-day lives, the tools are becoming more of commodities (Ashcroft, 2011). For most consumers, economy is more important than performance specifications. This has forced many manufacturers to pursue best-cost and low-cost provider strategies. The companies in the middle range compete for consumers by offering various options at varying prices. To hasten the situation, industry leaders like Apple, Sony, Microsoft and Nintendo have always kept to this pace (Biswas, Fraser Mahajan, 2007).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Supplier power Suppliers have significant influence over the manufacturers of electronic equipments. While many standards in the industry are open and made by collaborative or independent bodies like IEE, manufacturers also depend on standards owned privately. Such technology must enter the market and licensed to pay a defined membership fee. Additionally, the virtual concentration of suppliers puts some pressure on competitors. For personal computers, Sony unlike Apple outsources central processing units from Intel (Barrios, Gà ¶rg Strobl, 2005). Thus, incompatibility in design does not allow the company to switch to other suppliers. However, microchip manufacturers are not present in computer manufacturing business and hence rely on computer manufacturers for their business. Buyer power As in all businesses, customers have the last say and apply considerable benefit over manufacturers. The various buyers with many but differing needs influence manufacturers of electronics direct ly since they must react and adapt by offering extensive product-lines. The notable characteristic between power user looking for the ‘greatest and latest’ and average user needing a product which is ‘just good enough’ presents an obstacle to manufacturers focusing on tapping the many customers possible. Manufacturers benefit from the wide use and acceptance of electronic products causing high demand for the products. Brand loyalty and proprietary systems are used to maintain customers (Moshirian, 2001). Threat of potential entrants Many avenues through which new entrants can enter the electronic market exist. However, several hindrances may prevent the entrance. Well-entrenched players who have significant brand loyalty and recognition including Sony, Microsoft, Apple, Samsung and LG among others (Crespo Fontoura, 2007) characterize the current market. Thus developing a successful brand in the presence of such players is difficult. They also keep costs do wn and dominate with economies of scale that cannot be achieved easily by a new entrant unless a substantial capital is invested. Despite these obstacles, new entrants may still come from newly instituted lean organizations, which depend on third party OEM for production (Ruckman, 2004). Threat of substitutes The technology sector has substantially grown with the introduction of alternatives such as televisions, game consoles, Smartphone, virtual music stores and personal computers. There are now feature-rich smart phones and PDAs in an average living room. Such developments have resulted in consumers focusing their â€Å"technology money† away from computers, televisions, radios and game consoles. However, despite the focus it is not likely that smart phones will diminish the importance of other products significantly. The only thing that the substitutes have influenced is elimination of monopoly in the electronic market (Alfaro, Chanda, Kalemli-Ozcan Sayek, 2004). SWOT ana lysis Strengths The company is producing high quality and attractive Smartphones. This has made the products to penetrate and claim the largest market share in both android and other Smartphones market (Chen Mujtaba, 2007). Besides, the company leadership in high technology and electronic industry has boosted the marketability of its Smartphones. The company strengths in technology and powerful innovative capacity have boosted the confidence the target market have on its Smartphones (Dziri, 2011). The company Smartphones operating system has exceeded any other competing Smartphones and this has become one of its greatest marketability strength. The company Smartphones design is fashionable and stylish which enables the user interface. This has enable the company Smartphones be used in diversified cultures. In addition to technological, quality and design strengths, the company Smartphones is diversified with different prices that meet all classes of people (Linzmayer, 2006). Beside s, the company good relationship with the customers will boost the Smartphones sales. The biggest drawback the company Smartphones has is their limited compatibility with other gargets. Apple android Smartphones is not compatible with other applications. This has limited its use. Consequently, its market will significantly reduce particularly where the spare parts are not within reach. Besides, the company Smartphones has limited market and distribution channels as compared to most of its competitors (Dziri, 2011). Another problem is the supplier’s environmental concerns with pollution issues surrounding the production of the Smartphones and other company products (Bernard Jensen, 2007). Opportunities The growing global Smartphones market is an opportunity for the company particularly in countries like China, which is experiencing economic boom. Moreover, the huge population and increasing application of Smartphones by the younger generation offers a potential market. The in novative capabilities of the company are another opportunity to introduce new products into the market (Arregle, Hebert Beamish, 2006). Besides, the growing use of the Smartphones in the developing market such as in Africa presents another opportunity to be exploited (Apple Inc, 2012). Threats The biggest threat the company and its Smartphone products is facing is stiff competition from other firms and similar products. Besides external competitive threat the company is facing on the particular products, the technology used is also hard to maintain. That is, it is difficult to sustain technological leadership in the industry. New technologies are highly pirated by other companies to produce the competing products (Linzmayer, 2006). Recommendations The future of Apple Inc lies on the development of its key competencies to enhance the expansion strategy (Blonigen, 2001). Since the company operates in a highly competitive market, the innovative products, managerial competencies, and e nhanced marketing are critical for Apple Inc future success. Smartphones are categorized under various products that have promoted the company and have remained to be the source of the company’s strength. Smartphone technology is the core company competency. Therefore, developing the Smartphones that satisfy the needs of the targeted market will increase Apple Inc’s internationalization strategy. Moreover, the company must invest in the development of its own Smartphones brand and establish them to be the leading fashion brand. The brand development strategy will ensure that the company offers quality brands that add value to the customers (Antrs Helpman, 2004). In order to attain the strategy, Apple Inc should become conscientious with the general management strategies besides constantly spreading out of the retail areas to ensure effectiveness in attaining the profit margin (Henry, 2008). Compared to other modes, fully owned subsidiary is the best entry mode for App le Inc. The fully owned subsidiaries in the international markets make the firm to have control over the enshrined competencies and initiatives that form the core of the business strategies. The strategy increases Apple geographical diversity while reducing political and economic risks associated with this expansion. References Alfaro, L, Chanda, A, Kalemli-Ozcan, S Sayek, S 2004, â€Å"FDI and economic growth, the role of local financial markets,† Journal of International Economics, vol.64 no.2, pp.113-134. Antrs, P, Helpman, E, 2004, â€Å"Global sourcing,† Journal of Political Economy, vol.112 no.2, pp.552-580. Apple Inc 2012, The new, faster MacBook air, https://www.apple.com/. Apple Inc. 2010, 2010 annual report, United States Securities and Exchange Commission, Washington, DC. Arregle, J, Hebert, L Beamish, P 2006, â€Å"Mode of international entry: the advantages of multilevel methods,† Management International Review, vol.46 no.5, pp.597-611. Ashcroft , J 2011, Apple Inc. the case study 2000-2010. Web. Barrios, S, Gà ¶rg, H Strobl, E 2005, â€Å"Foreign direct investment, competition and industrial development in the host country,† European Economic Review, vol.49 no.1, pp.1761-1784. Bernard, A Jensen, B 2007, â€Å"Firm structure, multinationals, and manufacturing plant deaths,† Review of Economic and Statistics, vol.89 no.1, pp.103-204. Biswas, R, Fraser, D Mahajan, A 2007, The international market for corporate control: Evidence from acquisitions of financial firms, Global Finance Journal, vol.8 no.1, pp.33-54. Blomstermo, A, Sharma, D Sallis, J 2006, â€Å"Choice of foreign market entry mode in service firms,† International Marketing Review, vol.23 no.2, pp.211-213. Blonigen, B 2001, â€Å"In search of substitution between foreign production and exports,† Journal of International Economics, vol.53 no.2, pp.81-104. Chen, L Mujtaba, B 2007, â€Å"The choice of entry mode strategies and decisio ns for international market expansion,† Journal of American Academy of Business, vol.10 no.2, pp.322-344. Crespo, N Fontoura, M 2007, â€Å"Determinant factors of FDI spillovers – what do we really know?† World Development, vol.35 no.2, pp.410–425. Dziri, R 2011, Avoiding strategic drifts in a hypercompetitive market: analysis of apple’s position in the mobile phone industry and suggestions, GRIN Verlag, Munich. Gormley, T 2010, The impact of foreign bank entry in emerging markets: evidence from India, Journal of Financial Intermediation, vol.19 no.1, pp.26-51. Henry, A 2008, Understanding strategic management, Oxford University Press, Oxford, UKt. Herzog, C 2010, Strategic tools in dynamic environments: a framework, GRIN Verlag, Munich. Linzmayer, O 2006, Legend of Apple, Qinghua University Press, Beijing, China. Moshirian, F 2001, International investment in financial services, Journal of Banking Finance, vol.25 no.2, pp.317-337. Ruckman, K 2004 , Mode of entry mode into a foreign market: the case of U.S. mutual funds in Canada, Journal of International Economics, vol.62 no.2, pp.417-432. Shen, C Lin, M 2011, The determinants of cross-border consolidation in eight Asian countries: Before and after the Asian financial crisis, Journal of Multinational Financial Management, vol.21 no.2, pp.89-105.

Definition and Examples of Americanisms

Definition and Examples of Americanisms An Americanism is a word or phrase  (or, less commonly,  a feature of grammar, spelling, or pronunciation)  that (supposedly) originated in the United States or is used primarily by Americans. Americanism is often used as a term of disapproval, especially by non-American language mavens with little knowledge of historical linguistics. Many so-called Americanisms come from the English, Mark Twain accurately observed more than a century ago. [M]ost people suppose that everyone who guesses is a Yankee; the people who guess do so  because their ancestors guessed in Yorkshire.   The term Americanism was introduced by the Reverend John Witherspoon in the late-18th century. Examples and Observations [F]ew of the grammatical differences between British and American are great enough to produce confusion, and most are not stable because the two varieties are constantly influencing each other, with borrowing both ways across the Atlantic and nowadays via the Internet.(John Algeo, British or American English? Cambridge University Press, 2006)As pioneers, the first Americans had to make up many new words, some of which now seem absurdly commonplace. Lengthy, which dates back to 1689, is an early Americanism. So are calculate, seaboard, bookstore and presidential. . . . Antagonize and placate were both hated by British Victorians. As members of a multiracial society, the first Americans also adopted words like wigwam, pretzel, spook, depot and canyon, borrowing from the Indians, Germans, Dutch, French and Spanish.(Robert McCrum et al., The Story of English. Viking, 1986)Americanisms in British English- Most Americanisms coined [during the 19th century] havent stood the test of time. Wh en a woman disposes of an unwanted admirer we no longer say that she has given him the mitten. We still call experienced travellers globetrotters, but tend to say theyve bought the T-shirt rather than seen the elephant. We prefer more elegant metaphors for a cemetery than a bone-pit. Our dentists might object if we called them tooth carpenters. And if a teenager today told you theyd been shot in the neck you might ring for an ambulance rather than ask what theyd had to drink the previous night.Lots, however, have become part of our everyday speech. I guess, I reckon, keep your eyes peeled, it was a real eye-opener, easy as falling off a log, to go the whole hog, to get the hang of, struck oil, lame duck, face the music, high falutin, cocktail, and to pull the wool over ones eyes―all made the leap into British usage during the Victorian period. And theyve stayed there ever since.(Bob Nicholson, Racy Yankee Slang Has Long Invaded Our Language. The Guardian  [UK], Oct. 18, 201 0)- A list of fully assimilated English words and expressions that started life as American coinages or revivals would include antagonise, anyway, back-number (adjectival phrase), back yard (as in nimby), bath-robe, bumper (car), editorial (noun), fix up, just (quite, very, exactly), nervous (timid), peanut, placate, realise (see, understand), reckon, soft drink, transpire, washstand.In some cases, Americanisms have driven out a native equivalent or are in the process of doing so. For instance, in no particular order, ad has pretty well replaced advert as an abbreviation for advertisement, a press clipping is driving out cutting as a piece taken from a newspaper, a whole new ballgame, that is a metaphorical game of baseball, is what meets the harried circumspect eye where once a different kettle of fish or a horse of another color furnished the challenge, and someone quit his job where not so long ago he quitted it.Such matters probably indicate nothing more than minor, harmless lin guistic interchange, with a bias towards American modes of expression as likely to seem the livelier and (to adopt an Americanism) smarter alternative.(Kingsley Amis, The Kings English: A Guide to Modern Usage. HarperCollins, 1997) American and British CompoundsIn American English, the first noun [in a compound] is generally in the singular, as in drug problem, trade union, road policy, chemical plant. In British English, the first element is sometimes a plural noun, as in drugs problem, trades union, roads policy, chemicals plant. Some noun-noun compounds that entered American English at a very early stage are words for indigenous animals, like bullfrog a large American frog, groundhog a small rodent (also called woodchuck); for trees and plants, e.g. cottonwood (an American poplar tree); and for phenomena like log cabin, the kind of simple structure many early immigrants lived in. Sunup is also an early American coinage, parallel to the Americanism sundown, which is a synonym for the universal sunset.(Gunnel Tottie, An Introduction to American English. Wiley-Blackwell, 2002)Prejudice Against AmericanismsDocumenting the sustained prejudice  against American English over the past century and a half is not dif ficult since the only alteration in the complaint involves  the particular expressions that have come to the attention of the reviewers. So we will leap ahead to 21st century examples parallel to most of the complaints of the past.In 2010, the expressions targeted  for criticism included ahead of for before, face up confront, and fess up for confess (Kahn 2010). A counterargument has often been that these expressions are historically English, but the truths of historical linguistics are seldom persuasive or even seen as germane to the dispute. Americanisms are simply bad English in one way or another: slovenly, careless, or sloppy. . . . Reports like these seethe with disapproval.The same metaphors are used elsewhere in the English-speaking world. In Australia, new forms of language believed to derive from America are seen as a contagion: suffering the creeping American disease is a way to describe a situation the critic deplores (Money 2010). . . .The expressions that give rise to such complaints  are not such ordinary Americanisms as blood type, laser, or minibus. And some are not Americanisms at all.  They share the quality of being racy, informal, and perhaps a little subversive. They are usages that poke fun at pretense and gibe at gentility.(Richard W. Bailey, American English.  English Historical Linguistics, ed. by  Alexander Bergs. Walter de Gruyter, 2012) Passing PrejudicesThe playwright Mark Ravenhill recently tweeted irritably: Dear Guardian sub please dont allow passing. Here in Europe we die. Keep the horrible euphemism over the Atlantic. . . .Ravenhills . . . complaint about passing is that it is an Americanism, one that should be kept over the Atlantic by the verbal equivalent of a ballistic-missile shield, so as to preserve the saintly purity of our island tongue. The trouble with this is that its not actually an Americanism. In  Chaucers Squires Tale, the falcon says to the princess: Myn harm I wol confessen er I pace, meaning before it dies. In Shakespeares Henry VI Part 2, Salisbury says of the dying Cardinal: Disturbe him not, let him passe peaceably. In other words, the origin of this use of passing is firmly on this side of the Atlantic. Its as English as the word soccer―at first spelled socca or socker, as an abbreviation of association football.A lot of other supposed Americanisms arent Americanisms either. Its sometimes thought that transportation instead of the good old transport is an example of that annoying US habit of bolting on needless extra syllables to perfectly good words, but transportation is used in British English from 1540. Gotten as the past tense of got? English from 1380. Oftentimes? Its in the King James Bible.(Steven Poole, Americanisms Are Often Closer to Home Than We Imagine. The Guardian [UK], May 13, 2013) Americanisms in The Telegraph [U.K.]Some Americanisms keep slipping in, usually when we are given agency copy to re-write and do an inadequate job on it. There is no such verb as impacted, and other American-style usages of nouns as verbs should be avoided (authored, gifted etc). Maneuver is not spelt that way in Britain. We do not have lawmakers: we might just about have legislators, but better still we have parliament. People do not live in their hometown; they live in their home town, or even better the place where they were born.(Simon Heffer, Style Notes. The Telegraph, Aug. 2, 2010)

English essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

English - Essay Example ifies a loss of contact with realism, as well as an overestimation of a person’s own capabilities or competence, especially when the individual displaying it is in a position of authority or power (Moore 34). To consider whether hubris equals megalomania, it is vital to look into the traits of the two, which this paper found to be extremely similar. Individuals who suffer from these two defects have a clear self-focus in interpersonal relations. They also have a problem in sustaining gratifying relationships. Another trait of the two is that people lack emotional awareness (Moore 67). Other traits include trouble with sympathy, problems differentiating the self from others, reaction to any abuse or imagined abuse, weakness to shame instead of guilt, proud body language and obsequiousness towards individuals who affirm and admire them. People who suffer from these two defects also detest individuals who do not like them. They use other individuals without bearing in mind the cost of doing so. They pretend to be more significant than they, in reality, are. They brag (cleverly but tirelessly) and overstress their achievements, arguing to be "skilled" in a lot of things. Finally, individuals who suffer from these defects do not view or observe the world from the perception of other individuals in that they are mostly denial of gratitude and remorse (Emmons 291). Hubris and megalomania might exist in each and every individual. Critics argue that the two are a unique state from which an individual develops the love or affection object. Shelley (34) argues that healthy hubris or megalomania is a vital element of normal growth. According to Shelley (56), the affection of the parents for their children and their mind-set toward their child could be perceived as a reproduction and revival of their own hubris or megalomania. The child has a power of deliberation; the parents arouse that emotion since, in their children, they observe the things, which they have never

Developing a Perfomance Appraisal System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Developing a Perfomance Appraisal System - Essay Example Federal and state laws have added to the complexity and difficulty of appraisal plans. Criteria for compliance with equal employment opportunity laws are stringent. Management needs to design and operate its appraisal systems carefully in order to comply with these laws. A generation ago, appraisal programs tended to emphasize employee traits, deficiencies, and abilities, but modern appraisal philosophy emphasizes present performance and future goals. Modern philosophy also stresses employee participation in mutually setting goals with the supervisor and knowledge of results. Thus the hallmarks of modern appraisal philosophy are as follows: 2. Focus on goals or objectives - as the discussion of MBO shows, employees need to have a clear idea of what they are supposed to be doing and the priorities among their tasks; as the saying goes," If you know where you want to go, you are more likely to get there." 3. Mutual goal setting within supervisor and employee - this is the belief the people will work harder for goals or objectives that they have participated in setting. Among their desires are perform a worthwhile task, share in a group effort, share in setting their objectives, share in the rewards of their efforts and continue personal growth. The (Theory Y) assumption is that people want to satisfy some of their needs through work and that they will do if management will provide them with a supportive environment. 4. Clarification of behavioral expectations - this is often done via a behavioral anchored rating scale (BARS), which provides the employee and the manager with concrete examples of various levels of behaviors. Brief descriptions of outstanding, very good, acceptable, below average and unacceptable behaviors are specified for each major dimension of a job, thuis cueing the employee in advance regarding the organization's expectations. BARS helps reduce manager's tendency to focus on attitudes, personality, and nquirks of an employee and shift emphasis toward productive behaviors. 5. Extensive Feedback Systems - employees can fine-tune their performance better if they know how they are doing in the eyes of the organization. Most organizational appraisal systems requires supervisors to assess employees on various aspects of their productivity, behavior, and or personal traits. Examples of these three dimensions include quality of work and quantity of output, attendance and initiative and general attitude. Many appraisal systems also point toward both historical performance and the individual's potential for growth and advancement. The actual forms and procedures used for assessing this information vary widely. Some organizations ask supervisors to write essays describing the employee's performance; others recommend that they accumulate a record of incidents both positive and negative; mant firms use various types of graphic rating scales that grade employees on A-B-C-D-E or 1-2-3-4-5 systems. Regardless of the system used, the assessment is then communicated to the employee through the appraisal interview. This is a session

Analysis of No Exit and Existentialism Essay Example for Free

Analysis of No Exit and Existentialism Essay No Exits central themes of freedom and responsibility come from Sartres doctrine that existence precedes essence. Sartre believed that a being-for-itself differed from inanimate objects, or a being-in-itself, since humans have the ability to choose and define their individual characteristics. But with this freedom of choice comes the absolute responsibility for ones action. The fear and anxiety of this responsibility leads many people to ignore both their freedom and their responsibility by letting other people make their choices for them, resulting in bad faith. This bad faith is what causes Garcin to be unable to leave the room when the door opens. He cant handle the responsibility of confronting his decision to flee his country, and thus leaves it up to Inez to judge him and define his essence. Similarly, Estelle does not think that she exists unless she looks in a mirror, seeing herself as others do. When Inez pretends to be her mirror and says Estelle has a pimple on her face, Estelles bad faith causes her to accept someone else literally creating her essence. Both Estelle and Garcin are not only condemned to be free, but are willing to condemn themselves in order to avoid being free. This emphasis on bad faith establishes Sartres underlying argument of the play: Hell is other people. Using only three people and an empty room, Sartre evokes scenes of utter torture and despair. Garcin and Estelle refuse to let go of their pasts, each looking at their friends and loved ones back on earth. They attempt to justify their existence by only thinking about their past experiences: as Garcin explains, his fate is the evaluation of his past actions by other people. Inez however, sees her past as meaningless and inaccessible, choosing to exist in the present instead. Inez is the only character in the play intent on confronting both her responsibility and her suffering.

Archimedes :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Archimedes S. Romano   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Archimedes was a native of Syracuse, Sicily. Some authors have said that he visited Egypt and invented a device there now known as Archimedes' screw. This screw is a pump, still used in many parts of the world. When Archimedes was a young man, he studied with the descendants of Euclid in Alexandria. He was familiar with the mathematics used there, and he knew personally the mathematicians working there and he sent his results to Alexandria with personal messages. He regarded Conon of Samos, one of the mathematicians at Alexandria, very highly for his abilities as a mathematician and he also regarded him as a close friend.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the preface to â€Å"On Spirals† Archimedes told a story about his friends in Alexandria. He said that he was in the habit of sending them statements of his latest theorems, but without giving proofs. Some of the mathematicians there claimed the results as their own so Archimedes said that on the last occasion when he sent them theorems he included two which were false. Other than in the prefaces to his works, information about Archimedes comes to us from a number of sources such as in stories from Plutarch, Livy, and others. Plutarch tells us that Archimedes was related to King Hieron II of Syracuse. Evidence of his friendship with the family of King Hieron II comes from the fact that â€Å"The Sandreckoner† was dedicated to Gelon, the son of King Hieron.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are many of references to Archimedes in the writings of the time. He was probably the only mathematician of his time with such a high reputation. This is because he was not interest in new mathematical ideas but had invented war machines. They were particularly effective in the defense of Syracuse when it was attacked by the Romans and Marcellus. Plutarch writes in his work on Marcellus, the Roman commander, about how Archimedes' war machines were used against the Romans in the siege of 212 BC; â€Å"... when Archimedes began to ply his engines, he at once shot against the land forces all sorts of missile weapons, and immense masses of stone that came down with incredible noise and violence; against which no man could stand; for they knocked down those upon whom they fell in heaps, breaking all their ranks and files. In the meantime huge poles thrust out from the walls

Middle Ages vs Renaissance Art Periods Essay

When seeking two art periods to compare and contrast, fewer artistic examples provide a starker depiction of radically changing ideas and mentality than the art of the Middle Ages against that of art from the Renaissance. First, art originating from the Middle Age will be thoroughly analyzed for context. Afterward, art from the Renaissance period art will be analyzed next to it for its departures on from Middle Age techniques and thinking, before the two are finally systematically compared and contrasted. First, art from the Middle Ages, also called art from the Medieval period, characterized a European period of little social change, general poverty, and few scientific advances. The Catholic Church remained an imposing force upon Midieval society, and dominated much of daily life. Art clearly served the role of worship above all else, and the Catholic Church actually commissioned much of the artwork of the period. Much of this art filled churches and monasteries, and took the form of sculptures, paintings and drawings, stained-glass windows, metalwork and mosaics, among other forms. The iconographical nature of the art is substantial, as it above all served the purpose of perpetuating the Catholicism of the early church. It was largely confined to Europe and areas that the Byzantine and Roman empires had once occupied, such as parts of northern Africa. It lasted almost a thousand years, from approximately around 500 C.E. to perhaps as late as 1400 C.E. The depictions within the art reflected its purpose – worship. Religious icons such as saints, the Virgin Mary, Jesus and his disciples, and other depictions provided clarity and images for believers. The images portrayed onto the media arguably reflect the times, lacking in brightness, movement, or attitude. The characters shown rarely appear upbeat. An excellent example that validates some of these generalities is Pietro Cavallini’s The Last Judgment. This painting in the Santa Cecilia in Rome uses drab colours to show what appears to be an angry Jesus overlooked by six angels, three on each side. While a beautiful work of art no doubt, the painting has little passion or movement and does not inspire anything more than fear from a fiery God. This Medieval Art from the Middle Ages contrasts sharply with the Renaissance-era works in many key ways. First, Renaissance Art, while not entirely secular to be sure, had certain overtones of the humanism sweeping Europe. Next, its style exuberates brightness, passion, and an appetite for life that cannot be found easily in Middle Age art. Renaissance Art effectively superseded and ended art period progressing during the Middle Ages, and this mirrored social trends of increasing wealth and prosperity, upward mobility, and technological advances of the time. While no doubt heavily influenced by the preceding art of the Middle Ages and often building off of some of its topic such as Christianity, Renaissance Art has a strong hint of humanism which afflicted its artists. This philosophy sought to change the nature of man’s relationship with God to exist outside the church’s realm, and the â€Å"Renaissance men† often meaning that these artists were not only artists but commonly philosophers and scientists as well. Michelangelo, who was a painter, architect, poet, engineer, and sculptor, exemplified these characteristics. His masterpiece in the Sistine Chapel, The Last Judgment, provides us a great comparison to Cavallini’s work on the same topic and contrasts the vastly different techniques and focuses of the two art periods. While Cavallini’s work lacks a variety of colours and could be described even as plain, Michelangelo’s work gives a clear view into his mind’s eye, filled with numerous angels and men moving through the heavens. While Jesus is still at the top and the Madonna next to him seems to cower in fear at his wrath, many nonetheless are lifted upward. The bright colours, quick movements, and in fact original nakedness of the characters (later covered up, at the church’s request) reflect the technique and thought process of Renaissance-era art. So taking the topic of the Last Judgment, the second coming of Christ as a comparison subject matter for extrapolation between Medieval and Renaissance art periods, the Renaissance’s brightness, liveliness and energy shine clearly. First, we saw that Middle Age art was dreary, using drab colours and little dynamism that reflected the harsh realities of life in Europe at the time. Second, Renaissance Art ended this period with the new opportunities and advances made during the Renaissance, reflected in art from the period. Multitalented Renaissance men of the period such as Michelangelo contributed simultaneously to multiple artistic fields at once. Their art reflected the optimism of the times, the great advances being made philosophically and technologically, and their work captured their excitement for mankind’s newfound humanist relationship with God. What was once seen as an angry God hell-bent on punishment was now an opportunity for a chance into the heavens, and often Renaissance Art was even entirely secular, such as masterpieces like the Mona Lisa. Therefore, the Renaissance period of art departed from the Middle Ages period of Medieval Art not simply in technique or media, but also in subject matter, philosophy, and use. The art periods correspondingly reflected their equivalent time frame as either bleak and dowdy or upbeat and energetic. References Finnan, V. (2013). The last judgement. Retrieved from http://www.italian-renaissance-art.com/Last-Judgement.html Gortais, B. (2003). Abstraction and art. Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences , 358(14-135), 1241-1249 . Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/3558216 The last judgement. (2001). Retrieved from http://www.lib-art.com/artgallery/8284-the-last-judgement-pietro-cavallini.html

5th and 6th amendment

The Fourth Amendment protects the right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, and provides that no warrants shall issue but upon probable cause supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched and the persons to be seized. In order to establish probable cause, the officer must establish that there is a fair probability that the area to be searched contains evidence or the person to be arrested has committed a crime; a mere possibility is insufficient.A search without a warrant is presumed unreasonable absent the resence of a recognized exception. U. S. v. Johnson. The Supreme Court has held that this is permissible, but only under certain circumstances. The first issue is whether Detective Davis (DD) committed a search when she went down to the basement. A search occurred if Bishop Short had a subjective expectation of privacy which society would deem to be reasonable (Katz v. U. S. The defense would likely argue that the Bishop (B) had a subjective expectation of privacy in the basement, and that there was an objective expectation of privacy also because only the area where services took place were open to the public. The government would counter by arguing that DD simply walked downstairs during the services, which were open to the public, so anyone nad access to this area. Additionally, there was a children's playroom, which could be used to take loud or crying babies during the services, and that was therefore accessible to the public.If other members of society could gain access and view the basement, then there was not an objective expectation of privacy. Accordingly, DD did not commit a search simply by going into the basement. Whether a search occurred becomes less clear once DD entered B's office. The overnment would argue that the door was open, so DD did not commit a search by merely entering B's office. Whether this was a search was l ess significant, however, than the opening of the desk drawer. Even if DD had legal access to the office, she certainly â€Å"searched† when she opened the drawer.According to the plain view exception of the warrant requirement, a police officer can seize anything in plain view once legally in a space, but the officer needs probable cause to believe that what is immediately apparent is contraband or evidence of a crime, and it cannot require further investigation. Arizona v. Hicks. The Supreme Court has even eld that lifting a turntable to view a serial number is an illegal search that extends beyond the limits of the plain view doctrine. Arizona v. Hicks.Certainly, opening the desk drawer is more of an invasion ot privacy than litting a turntable. Further, the detense would argue that B had both a subjective and objective (an expectation that society is prepared to recognize as reasonable) expectation of privacy in the contents of the drawer. Katz. B would argue he had a sub jective expectation of privacy, mostly because the drawer was closed, but also that society would recognize this as a reasonable expectation because the drawer was closed.If the government had not brought this up earlier, it would certainly bring up the argument by now that it had probable cause to believe there was evidence of the crime (possession of cocaine with the intent to distribute) based on the informant's tip. Whether an informant's tip is sufficient for establishing probable cause depends on the Gates totality of the circumstances test, where there should be particularized facts that show given all the circumstances, there is a fair probability that contraband or evidence of a crime will be found.To simply say that the drugs are â€Å"stored somewhere in the church† is not necessarily enough to establish probable cause. Even if it was enough to establish probable cause, DD certainly had time to get a warrant before searching the church. Accordingly, by the time DD opened the drawer, a court would likely find that DD committed a â€Å"search†, and anything she found therein wou d be suppress certainly ed. The detense woul d take this one step turtner and argue that opening the bible was a search, even if opening the drawer wasn't.DD would have needed to get a warrant to open and search the bible. Accordingly, a court would likely find that DD illegally searched B's drawer when she opened the drawer and opened the bible, and the ocaine would likely be suppressed as evidence to be used against B. A court would likely similarly suppress the cocaine, spreadsheets, and cash found in the room next to the office. The defense would argue that B had both a subjective and reasonable, objective expectation of privacy in this room (Katz) and that DD had no warrant that allowed her to legally enter this area.

Lesson Learned †a short story

Lesson Learned – a short story Free Online Research Papers It was the Friday before winter break. Tommy was counting the eraser shavings on the edge of his beat up wooden desk. Suddenly he remembered that he needed to make up his English final after school, but he had planned on going to smoke with his friends before the long vacation. The clock was pounding loudly in his head as he was contemplating what his final decision was going to be. Almost instantly an angel popped up on his left shoulder and a devil on his right. Was he hallucinating? â€Å"Tommy relax we are your conscience, but listen in life there are no makeup exams so you need to choose carefully,† the angel reasoned with Tommy. Without any time for him to respond the devil says â€Å"Come on kid it’s going to be the last time smoking for two weeks.† Tommy and his low self esteem couldn’t argue with the fact that he could get high and just tell his teacher he had a family emergency and he had left the country right after school. There he had it all set, he was going to be able to do everything he wanted to do and get away with it. Little did he know his mother was on the phone with his teacher within five minutes after school ended. â€Å"No, Tommy never showed,† Mrs. Jackson said. As Tommy’s mom was overwhelmed with Christmas shopping and cooking she totally forgot the whole conversation with Mrs. Jackson. Tommy was home by five thirty. He waltzed into his house high as a kite and went straight up to his room no ques tions asked. He set sail for a relaxing, drug free, two week vacation. With Christmas coming up everyone had forgot that Tommy still needed to take his English final. Until December 24, 2007 at 11:32 pm when Mrs. Turner received Mrs. Jacksons email saying â€Å"did you ever find out what happened with Tommy a couple Fridays ago?† Suddenly the joyful expressions on Mrs. Turners face turned into a scowl, and all that was heard through the house was â€Å"Tommy! Andrew! Turner! You get your little spoiled but down here right this instant.† â€Å"Yes, Mom,† Tommy replied with a smile â€Å"You wipe that smile off your face. Where were you the Friday you were supposed to make up your English final?† â€Å"Umm†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦I was in Mrs. Reynolds room tutoring for NHS.† â€Å"Ok, well you need to speak with Mrs. Jackson about making it up so you don’t get a zero.† â€Å"Sure, no problem mom I’ll talk with her first thing when I get back to school.† The night went on and Christmas day came and went. It was the day before school started again and Tommy was talking with his buddies online. After a couple of messages Tommy said â€Å"What am I supposed to tell Mrs. Jackson? If I tell her what I told my mom she is going to check with Mrs. Reynolds and then I’m screwed.† His best friend Robert replied â€Å"You should have taken the final instead of coming with us.† â€Å"Thanks your no help,† Tommy responded then signed off and went straight to be hoping he would come up with something tomorrow. Beep! Beep! Beep! Whack! Tommy smacks the alarm mumbling â€Å"Monday already.† Dreading going to school Tommy is dreading even more Mrs. Jacksons class. The clock hits 2:25 pm and Mrs. Jackson’s class has officially started. She doesn’t mention anything until five minutes before class is over when she softly whispers to Tommy â€Å"I need to see you after class.† Tommy’s palms start sweating and his heart starts beating at warp speed. The angel reappears on his shoulder whispering in his ear â€Å"See its all fun and games until you have to face the music; who’s here to help you through it? Where is the guy in red that was all for missing the exam? No were to be found.† Ring! Ring! Ring! The day is over just as Tommy wanted it to be until he found out he had to stay after class. Considering that everyone in the class has left he makes his way over to Mrs. Jackson’s desk. â€Å"You wanted to see me,† he says to her â€Å"Yes, Tommy I think you and I both know why yo u’re here.† â€Å"Umm†¦no I have don’t have an idea as to what you’re talking about,† Tommy replied softly â€Å"Why weren’t you here to take you exam the Friday before school got out?† â€Å"Well you see Mrs. Jackson; I had to leave the country because my uncle had a heart attack and I flew to see him in Argentina.† â€Å"Really, that’s not what your mother told me she said you stayed home all break.† â€Å"Ok, Mrs. Jackson you really want to know what happened?†Tommy said with a sinister voice. â€Å"Tell me Tommy,† she replied intrigued â€Å"Well I was at the NHS tutoring session in Mrs. Reynolds room.† â€Å"Oh†¦Ok†¦that makes perfect sense. That is why Mrs. Reynolds called me that Friday asking where you were because you didn’t show up to tutoring.† â€Å"Uhh,† Tommy stuttered â€Å"Listen Tommy you just blew your last chance; I’m calling your m om so we can get to the bottom of this.† Research Papers on Lesson Learned - a short storyStandardized TestingHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayTrailblazing by Eric AndersonThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsThe Fifth HorsemanThe Hockey GamePersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XThe Spring and Autumn19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided Era

Definition and Origins of AD, or Anno Domini

Definition and Origins of AD, or Anno Domini A.D. is the abbreviation for Anno Domine, which is Latin for Year of Our Lord. The term has long been used to indicate the number of years that have passed since the birth of Jesus Christ, the lord to which the phrase refers. The earliest documented use of this method of reckoning the date is in the work of Bede in the seventh century, but the system originated with an eastern monk named Dionysius Exiguus in the year 525. The abbreviation comes properly before the date because the phrase it stands for also comes before the date (e.g., in the Year of Our Lord 735 Bede passed from this earth). However, you will often see it following the date in more recent references. A.D. and its counterpart, B.C. (which stands for Before Christ), constitute the modern dating system used by much of the world, nearly all of the west, and Christians everywhere. It is, however, somewhat inaccurate; Jesus was probably not born in the year 1. An alternate method of notation has recently been developed: C.E. instead of A.D. and B.C.E. instead of B.C, wherein C.E. stands for Common Era. The only difference is the initials; the numbers remain the same. Also Known As: C.E., Anno Domine, Anno ab incarnatione Domini Alternate Spellings: AD Examples: Bede died in A.D. 735.Some scholars still consider the Middle Ages to have begun in 476 A.D.

Information Technology - Analyze the impact of the digital economy on Essay

Information Technology - Analyze the impact of the digital economy on the company IKEA - Essay Example At the showroom, customers were able to see and handle the furnishings before purchasing them and the company was able to present its products with function, quality and low price.(www.ikea.com). In response of competitor induces boycott of IKEA showrooms by customers, the Company began to design its own furniture, producing the unique flat products, which the customer was able to assemble at home. Such furniture also occupied less storage space and there was less scope for damages occurring during transportation of the products. The IKEA stores were based on the self service model , and customers were able to walk around the IKEA showrooms, inspect furniture and then select the pieces they liked, which were provided to then in flat designs for easy transportation with less damage.(Jeffreys 1992). The Company soon expanded into other countries and its global sales now totals over $17.7 billion annually. The success of IKEA has been largely due to its policy of offering quality products with low prices. The Company accomplishes this by maintaining a network of global suppliers who bid competitively for projects and the Company is thus able to manufacture and supply the products to IKEA at the lowest prices.(Solomon, 1991). It is constantly on the lookout for ways and means by which it can reduce its costs in order to continue to supply low cost yet quality products to its customers. As a part of this strategy to reduce costs, the company was examining ways and means to consolidate its supplier base such that the focus was on those suppliers located in low cost countries. However, longer lead times, higher demands on the planning process and an inability to quickly adapt to change were some of the drawbacks which IKEA sought to address through IT solutions. The Company has incorporated software developed by JDA – Demand and Fulfillment Solutions, with the Demand Management solution able to support all the 12,000 items in